E - the type of elements maintained by this setpublic class LinkedHashSet<E> extends HashSet<E> implements Set<E>, Cloneable, Serializable
Hash table and linked list implementation of the Set interface, with predictable iteration order. This implementation differs from HashSet in that it maintains a doubly-linked list running through all of its entries. This linked list defines the iteration ordering, which is the order in which elements were inserted into the set (insertion-order). Note that insertion order is not affected if an element is re-inserted into the set. (An element e is reinserted into a set s if s.add(e) is invoked when s.contains(e) would return true immediately prior to the invocation.)
This implementation spares its clients from the unspecified, generally
chaotic ordering provided by HashSet, without incurring the
increased cost associated with TreeSet. It can be used to
produce a copy of a set that has the same order as the original, regardless
of the original set's implementation:
void foo(Set s) {
Set copy = new LinkedHashSet(s);
...
}
This technique is particularly useful if a module takes a set on input,
copies it, and later returns results whose order is determined by that of
the copy. (Clients generally appreciate having things returned in the same
order they were presented.)
This class provides all of the optional Set operations, and permits null elements. Like HashSet, it provides constant-time performance for the basic operations (add, contains and remove), assuming the hash function disperses elements properly among the buckets. Performance is likely to be just slightly below that of HashSet, due to the added expense of maintaining the linked list, with one exception: Iteration over a LinkedHashSet requires time proportional to the size of the set, regardless of its capacity. Iteration over a HashSet is likely to be more expensive, requiring time proportional to its capacity.
A linked hash set has two parameters that affect its performance: initial capacity and load factor. They are defined precisely as for HashSet. Note, however, that the penalty for choosing an excessively high value for initial capacity is less severe for this class than for HashSet, as iteration times for this class are unaffected by capacity.
Note that this implementation is not synchronized.
If multiple threads access a linked hash set concurrently, and at least
one of the threads modifies the set, it must be synchronized
externally. This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some
object that naturally encapsulates the set.
If no such object exists, the set should be "wrapped" using the
Collections.synchronizedSet
method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental
unsynchronized access to the set:
Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new LinkedHashSet(...));
The iterators returned by this class's iterator method are
fail-fast: if the set is modified at any time after the iterator
is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove
method, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException.
Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly
and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at
an undetermined time in the future.
Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.
This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.
Object.hashCode(),
Collection,
Set,
HashSet,
TreeSet,
Hashtable,
Serialized Form| Constructor and Description |
|---|
LinkedHashSet()
Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the default initial
capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
|
LinkedHashSet(Collection<? extends E> c)
Constructs a new linked hash set with the same elements as the
specified collection.
|
LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity)
Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the specified initial
capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
|
LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor)
Constructs a new, empty linked hash set with the specified initial
capacity and load factor.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Spliterator<E> |
spliterator()
Creates a late-binding
and fail-fast
Spliterator over the elements in this set. |
add, clear, clone, contains, isEmpty, iterator, remove, sizeequals, hashCode, removeAlladdAll, containsAll, retainAll, toArray, toArray, toStringfinalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, waitadd, addAll, clear, contains, containsAll, equals, hashCode, isEmpty, iterator, remove, removeAll, retainAll, size, toArray, toArrayparallelStream, removeIf, streampublic LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor)
initialCapacity - the initial capacity of the linked hash setloadFactor - the load factor of the linked hash setIllegalArgumentException - if the initial capacity is less
than zero, or if the load factor is nonpositivepublic LinkedHashSet(int initialCapacity)
initialCapacity - the initial capacity of the LinkedHashSetIllegalArgumentException - if the initial capacity is less
than zeropublic LinkedHashSet()
public LinkedHashSet(Collection<? extends E> c)
c - the collection whose elements are to be placed into
this setNullPointerException - if the specified collection is nullpublic Spliterator<E> spliterator()
Spliterator over the elements in this set.
The Spliterator reports Spliterator.SIZED,
Spliterator.DISTINCT, and ORDERED. Implementations
should document the reporting of additional characteristic values.
spliterator in interface Iterable<E>spliterator in interface Collection<E>spliterator in interface Set<E>spliterator in class HashSet<E>Iterator. The spliterator inherits the
fail-fast properties of the set's iterator.
The created Spliterator additionally reports
Spliterator.SUBSIZED.Spliterator over the elements in this set Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
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